托福閱讀背景知識（2）
來源：環球教育整理
小編： 474托福閱讀背景知識是考生托福閱讀備考過程中必不可少的參考資料，托福閱讀考查內容量大，取材豐富，話題面廣，需要考生積累必要的閱讀背景材料。
托福閱讀背景知識：文化背景決定工作理念
文化背景決定工作理念相關托福閱讀。
在許多企業文化中，“團隊合作”被視為非常重要的組成部分，優秀的“團隊合作”精神也被視為一個好員工必須具備的。而不同的人對于“團隊合作”的看法和期望又是由什么決定的呢?
一篇文章稱，在不同文化生活的人對工作的理解也不一樣。例如，人們對“團隊合作”就有不同的期望。
A new article in a special section on Culture and Psychology in Perspectives on Psychological Science， a journal of the Association for Psychological Science， explains that people in different cultures think about work in different ways.日前，一篇刊登在美國心理科學聯合會的學術期刊《心理科學視角》文化與心理版塊的文章稱，在不同文化生活的人對工作的理解也不一樣。
For example， people have different expectations about teamwork， says Cristina B. Gibson， of the University of Western Australia.例如，人們對“團隊合作”就有不同的期望，西澳大學教授克里斯蒂娜-B-吉布森說道。
Gibson has interviewed people to understand how they concept ualizeteams. “In the US， people used a lot of sports metaphors. Elsewhere， that just wasn't a common metaphor.” In Latin America， for example， many people talked about the work team as a family.吉布森調查了人們對于“團隊合作”這一概念的認識。“在美國，人們使用很多體育方面的比喻。而在其他地方就不是一個普通的比喻了。”例如在拉丁美洲，很多人把“團隊合作”看做是一個“家”。
“If you just use those two contrasts and think about what you might expect from your family versus what you might expect from your sports team， you start to see the differences.” Families are involved in all parts of your life， and are expected to celebrate with you socially.“Your involvement in your sports team is more limited. Less caretaking， more competitive.”
“如果你對比這兩種認識，想想你能從家庭看到什么以及能從體育團隊看到什么，就會看出差別來。”“家”涉及你生活的方方面面，并且就社會層面上與你共享成功的喜悅。“而你在體育團隊中的參與度是有限的。關愛更少，競爭更多。”
Another example is in the realm of leadership. Many people assume that charismaticleadership is a good thing - using a strong personality to inspire loyalty in others. But that's not going to work for everyone， Gibson says. “The very same behaviors that are deemed desirable from a leader in one culture might be viewed as interference or micromanagement in other settings.”
另外一個例子便是人們對“領導”的理解。許多人認為有魅力的領導作風是件好事——用人格魅力激發員工的忠誠。但吉布森稱這并不對每個人都管用。“同樣的行為，在一種文化中被看做是領導者的必備素質，在另一種文化中卻成了干涉或是微觀管理。”
And as this research continues， she says， people should consider that cultures can vary a lot within countries， too， especially as large numbers of people continue to migrate between countries. “We can’t make these assumptions that everybody in the US is like this and everybody in China is like that.”
吉布森還稱，隨著研究的進行，尤其是隨著龐大數目的移民持續在國家間流動，人們需要意識到一國內部文化的多元性。“我們不能假設在美國的所有人都是這樣的，或者假設中國的所有人全都是那樣的。”
