2015年5月9日托福考試回顧（寫作閱讀篇）
來源：互聯網
小編：Lucy 140寫作
Topic 議題：the three functions of ceramic plates | ||
| Reading | Listening |
Thesis 總論點 | The reading provides three functions of ceramic plates. | Refute the three explanations mentioned in reading passage. |
Sub-point 1 分論點1 | Cooking pans. | the cooking pan will be black or the color will fade because of high temperature. However, these plates do not show such marks. |
Sub-point2 分論點2 | drums. | the sound of ceramic is not pleasant and also hard to make sounds. What’s more, people can use better material as drums, such as animal furs. Why would they use ceramic drums? |
Sub-point 3 分論點3 | mirrors. | the sound of ceramic is not pleasant. What’s more, people can use better material as drums, such as animal furs. Why would they use ceramic drums? |
Sample answer:
The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about the function of ceramic plates. The writer puts forwards three theories, which are contradicted by the following lecture.
Firstly, the writer claims that the ceramic plates can be used as cooking pans. while the speaker views this issue from an opposite angle. According to him/her, the cooking pan will be black or the color will fade because of high temperature. However, these plates do not show such marks.
Secondly, the author states that the ceramic plates can be served as drums. However，the speaker opposes the writer’s opinion by saying that the sound of ceramic is not pleasant. What’s more, people can use better material as drums, such as animal furs. Why would they use ceramic drums?
Thirdly， the passage argues that ceramic plates are used as mirrors. By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the reading’s claim doesn’t hold water，only when ceramic plates are filled with water can they reflect images. In this case, people can not see the decorative side. Unlike the mirrors in ancient Greek， people often hold plates vertically.
In conclusion, the professor clearly identifies the weakness in the reading passage and convincingly shows these reasons are incorrect.
獨立寫作
作文題目：
| Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what their professions are. |
題型類別:
| 利弊類 |
題材類別 | 教育類 |
相關舊題： | 2009.6.13 |
寫作思路：
| 這是一道常規的價值判斷的題目。同學們可以對于學歷史課程進行簡單的利弊分析，如果想不出互斥的三個分論點，可以采取讓步的觀點。一方面可以使文章更加有充實，另一方面也可以體現出考生的辯證思維。 |
寫作指導：
| Agree 1. 學習歷史豐富學生文化方面的背景知識，拓寬眼界。 2. 學習歷史也有跨學科的價值，比如文學以及考古專業。 3. 誠然， 學習歷史對于其他專業的學生增加了很多額外的學業負擔，需要花很多時間去背誦記憶歷史事件，還要在忙碌的期末考試之前多復習一門科目。但是我們的目光不能太狹隘，從長遠來看學習歷史課程的利遠大于弊。 |
范文指導：
| Being the cradles of knowledge, universities courses lay an extremely solid foundation for the future development of college students. In order to help students better informed about country’s past, some educators claim that history courses should be made compulsory to all university students. Personally, I agree. Firstly, taking history courses provides students with great opportunities to see the world’s glorious and profound culture. By getting a closer look at the American revolution, a student can be enlightened, knowing the importance of equality and democracy. By learning about the history of renaissance, a student will be inspired by the core concept of humanism and precursors’ innovative spirit in terms of painting, sculpture and architecture. By understanding the four great inventions of ancient China, a student will be familiar with the traditional arts. If they only focus on their own major, they would definitely miss out on such great treasure。 Secondly，taking history courses promotes other subjects. Imagine a literature student. His transcript was dissatisfying in the past. However, things became to change after he took the history seminar. For one thing, celebrated individuals in ancient times inspired his writing. These celebrities’ qualities and achievements have a great influence on his works. For another, Comprehending the historical events, he became more insightful and thoughtful. It seems clear to me that it is the history courses that enable this student to make a great progress. Admittedly，history courses, to some extent, exert more academic pressure on students. On the one hand, College students have already had to study many theories and professional subjects closely related to their majors. In this case, taking history courses makes their schedules tighter. On the other hand, A required histories courses would put extra financial burden on students, especially on those students who are from underprivileged families. However, this view is too nearsighted. In the long run, the benefits of taking history courses far outweigh its demerits. Just as an old Chinese saying goes, taking history as a mirror,one can judge the things form their pros and cons. Based on the above analysis, taking history courses benefits students a lot. |
詞匯拓展： | Cradle 搖籃 Compulsory 強制的 Underprivileged 貧困的 Inspire 激勵 Renaissance 文藝復興 Insightful 有洞察力的 Thoughtful 深度思考的 |
閱讀
詞匯題：
oblige=force
ensure=guarantee
henceforth=from past to now
excavation=dig out
substantial=considerable
incite=stimulate
alteration=modified
in preference to=more than
constituent=component
characteristic=typical
outweigh=exceed
第一篇 先進的探測方法
原文回顧： 一些先進的科技和地理知識的運用可以幫助分析和測定一些歷史上的情況，每一段都講了不同的探測方法。
相關背景學習：Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) is a satellite that observed the time structure of astronomical X-ray sources, named after Bruno Rossi. The RXTE has three instruments—the Proportional Counter Array, the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE), and the All Sky Monitor. The RXTE observed X-rays from black holes, neutron stars, X-ray pulsars and X-ray bursts. It was funded as part of the Explorer program, and is sometimes also called Explorer 69.
RXTE was launched from Cape Canaveral on 30 December 1995 on a Delta rocket, has an International Designator of 1995-074A and a mass of 3200 kg.
Observations from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer have been used as evidence for the existence of the frame-dragging effect predicted by the theory of general relativity. RXTE results have, as of late 2007, been used in more than 1400 scientific papers.
In January 2006, it was announced that Rossi had been used to locate a candidate intermediate-mass black hole named M82 X-1. In February 2006, data from RXTE was used to prove that the diffuse background X-ray glow in our galaxy comes from innumerable, previously undetected white dwarfs and from other stars' coronae. In April 2008, RXTE data was used to infer the size of the smallest known black hole.
RXTE ceased science operations on 3 January 2012.
NASA scientists said that the decommissioned RXTE would re-enter the Earth's atmosphere "between 2014 and 2023".
第二篇 威尼斯缺水問題
原文回顧：威尼斯缺飲用水的問題。由于污染的問題，威尼斯本身缺少淡水，所以缺少飲用水就成了大問題。
相關背景學習：Causes of limited fresh water
There are many causes of the apparent decrease [citation needed] in our fresh water supply. Principal amongst these is the increase in population through increasing life expectancy, the increase in per capita water use and the desire of many people to live in warm climates that have naturally low levels of fresh water resources.[citation needed] Climate change is also likely to change the availability and distribution of fresh water across the planet:
"If global warming continues to melt glaciers in the polar regions, as expected, the supply of fresh water may actually decrease. First, fresh water from the melting glaciers will mingle with salt water in the oceans and become too salty to drink. Second, the increased ocean volume will cause sea levels to rise, contaminating freshwater sources along coastal regions with seawater”.
The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.
Also, there is an uneven distribution of fresh water. While some countries have an abundant supply of fresh water, others do not have as much. For example, Canada has 20% of the world's fresh water supply, while India has only 10% of the world's fresh water supply, even though India's population is more than 30 times larger than that of Canada. A reason for the uneven distribution of fresh water supply may be the differences in climate. For example, in some countries in Africa, the frequent lack of rain has led to insufficient water supply for irrigation. This has affected agriculture and has led to a shortage of food for the people.
第三篇 青蛙的叫聲
原文回顧： 雄性青蛙叫聲的變化對雌性青蛙的吸引和影響，另外不同青蛙的叫聲對于敵人的吸引和影響。
相關背景學習：Animals Sound
Territory sounds
These are sounds, calls, or audible signals made by any one species to its own or any other species, establishing boundaries so like or unlike species will not transgress those boundaries.
Male baboons make sounds heard for miles by other baboons, communicating to those other male baboons, the territory of that male baboon. The strength, volume, and timbre, inherent in that "call", determine whether or not rival males attempt to invade that male baboon's territory.
They do this to make them sound impressive and then to attract the female to them.
Courtship and/or mate attracting sounds
These are sounds made by the male baboon to attract females to his territory for courtship and mating. Again, the strength, quality, and timbre of those sounds, often determine the ability of that species to attract females for reproduction. These mating calls, often low and guttural, are the main criteria, used by the female baboon to determine which male she mates with.
